Efficacy of Bio-active Varnish Application on Microleakage of Class II Composite Resin Restorations: An in vitro Study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Microleakage at the Cavo surface margins of Class II composite restorations remain a significant challenge, contributing to postoperative sensitivity, secondary caries, and restoration failure. Conventional composite resins undergo polymerisation shrinkage, resulting in marginal gaps and compromised seal integrity. To address these limitations, bioactive materials that can form chemical bonds with tooth structure and release therapeutic ions are being explored. Bioactive calcium phosphate-based fluoride varnishes offer potential in improving the marginal seal by reducing microleakage.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of bio-active varnish application on microleakage at the Cavo surface margins of restorations.
Materials and methods: Twenty extracted human maxillary premolars were divided into two groups (n = 10 each). Box-only cavities were prepared in 20 samples and restored with preheated bulk-fill composite. The samples in the control group (n = 10) were left untreated, without the application of varnish. Whereas, in the test group, the cavo surface margins of the restorations (n = 10) were sealed with MI varnish. All samples were then immersed in a 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours. They were sectioned mesiodistally and observed under a stereomicroscope at 20x for dye penetration. Cervical microleakage was recorded following the ISO score system. The data were analysed statistically with a chi-square test.
Results: No significant difference in microleakage was observed in the control and test groups. However, the cavo surface margins of the test group samples showed improved performance, with only 10% of the samples demonstrating score-1 leakage.
Conclusion: No significant difference in microleakage was observed in the control and test groups. However, the cavo surface margins of the test group samples showed improved performance, with only 10% of the samples demonstrating score-1 leakage.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Ferracane JL. Resin composite—state of the art. Dent Mater. 2011;27(1):29-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.10.020
2. Guo J, Holmes B, Yang B, Li Y, Heo YC, Chen J, Fok A. Determining the temporal development of dentin-composite bond strength during curing. Dent Mater. 2016;32(8):1007-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.05.009
3. Ferracane JL, Hilton TJ. Polymerisation stress–is it clinically meaningful? Dent Mater. 2016;32(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.020
4. Malhotra N, Acharya S. Strategies to overcome polymerisation shrinkage− materials and techniques. A review. Dent Update. 2010;37(2):115-25. https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2010.37.2.115
5. Sabbagh J, El Masri L, Fahd JC, Nahas P. A three-year randomised clinical trial evaluating direct posterior composite restorations placed with three self-etch adhesives. Biomater Investigat Dent. 2021;8(1):92-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/26415275.2021.1939034
6. Fróes-Salgado NR, Silva LM, Kawano Y, Francci C, Reis A, Loguercio AD. Composite pre-heating: effects on marginal adaptation, degree of conversion and mechanical properties. Dent Mater. 2010;26(9):908-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.03.023
7. Blalock JS, Holmes RG, Rueggeberg FA. Effect of temperature on unpolymerized composite resin film thickness. J Prosthet Dent. 2006;96(6):424-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2006.09.022
8. Paulo HD, Pereira JC, Rueggeberg FA, Svizero NR, Miyake K, Pashley DH. Efficacy of composite surface sealers in sealing cavosurface marginal gaps. J Dent. 2006;34(3):252-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2005.06.010
9. Nahsan F, Wang L, Modena K, Francisconi-dos-Rios L, da Silva L, Calabria M, Casas-Apayco L, Mondelli RF. A 12-month clinical trial examining the effects of a surface sealant on Class I composite resin restorations. Gen Dent. 2016; 64:18-20.
10. Sleibi A, Tappuni AR, Karpukhina NG, Hill RG, Baysan A. A comparative evaluation of ion release characteristics of three different dental varnishes containing fluoride either with CPP-ACP or bioactive glass. Dent Mater. 2019;35(12):1695-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.08.113
11. Hepdeniz OK, Temel UB, Ugurlu M, Koskan O. The effect of surface sealants with different filler content on microleakage of Class V resin composite restorations. Euro J Dent. 2016;10(02):163-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178315
12. De Munck JD, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, Van Meerbeek B. A critical review of the durability of adhesion to tooth tissue: methods and results. J Dent Res. 2005;84(2):118-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400204
13. Atabek Didem, Yalçın Gözde, Öztaş Nurhan. Comparative Mechanical Properties of Bulk-Fill Resins. Open J Composite Mater. 2014;04:117-121. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2014.42013
14. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva GF. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-484-L
15. Moszner N, Fischer UK, Angermann J, Rheinberger V. A partially aromatic urethane dimethacrylate as a new substitute for Bis-GMA in restorative composites. Dent Mater. 2008;24(5):694-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2007.07.001
16. Rizzante FA, Duque JA, Duarte MA, Mondelli RF, Mendonca G, Ishikiriama SK. Polymerization shrinkage, microhardness and depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites. Dent Mater J. 2019;38(3):403-10. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-063
17. Darabi F, Tayefeh-Davalloo R, Tavangar SM, Naser-Alavi F, Boorboo-Shirazi M. The effect of composite resin preheating on marginal adaptation of class II restorations. J Clin Exp Dent. 2020;12(7):e682. https://doi.org/10.4317/jced.56625
18. Asmussen E, Peutzfeldt A. Surface energy characteristics of adhesive monomers. Dent Mater. 1998;14(1):21-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00005-0
19. Malempati RR, Konakanchi A, Ganta GK, Vangala RM, Alla RK, Mohammed S. Revisiting Microleakage: Persistent Challenges in Restorative Dentistry. Int J Dent Mater. 2025;7(01):18-26. https://doi.org/10.37983/IJDM.2025.7104
20. Kidd, E.A.Microleakage: a review. J Dent. 1976;4:199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(76)90048-8
21. Behery H, El-Mowafy O, El-Badrawy W, Nabih S, Saleh B. Gingival microleakage of class II bulk-fill composite resin restorations. Dent Med Probl. 2018;55(4):383-388. https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/99264
22. Shen P, Manton DJ, Cochrane NJ, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Reynolds EC. Effect of added calcium phosphate on enamel remineralization by fluoride in a randomised controlled in situ trial. J Dent. 2011;39(7):518-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.05.002
23. Shen P, McKeever A, Walker GD, Yuan Y, Reynolds C, Fernando JR, Chen YY, MacRae CM, Schneider P, Reynolds EC. Remineralization and fluoride uptake of white spot lesions under dental varnishes. Aust Dent J. 2020;65(4):278-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12787
24. Pithon MM, Dos Santos MJ, Andrade CS, Leão Filho JC, Braz AK, de Araujo RE, Tanaka OM, Fidalgo TK, Dos Santos AM, Maia LC. Effectiveness of varnish with CPP–ACP in prevention of caries lesions around orthodontic brackets: an OCT evaluation. Euro J Orthodont. 2015;37(2):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cju031
25. Tuloglu N, Bayrak S, Tunc ES, Ozer F. Effect of fluoride varnish with added casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on the acid resistance of the primary enamel. BMC Oral Health. 2016;16(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-016-0299-4
26. Cross KJ, Huq NL, Stanton DP, Sum M, Reynolds EC. NMR studies of a novel calcium, phosphate and fluoride delivery vehicle-αS1-casein (59–79) by stabilized amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate nanocomplexes. Biomater. 2004;25(20):5061-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.045
27. Wierichs RJ, Stausberg S, Lausch J, Meyer-Lueckel H, Esteves-Oliveira M. Caries-preventive effect of NaF, NaF plus TCP, NaF plus CPP-ACP, and SDF varnishes on sound dentin and artificial dentin caries in vitro. Caries Res. 2018;52(3):199-211. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484483
28. Tao S, Zhu Y, Yuan H, Tao S, Cheng Y, Li J, He L. Efficacy of fluorides and CPP-ACP vs fluorides monotherapy on early caries lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2018;13(4):e0196660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196660
29. Correia AM, Andrade MR, Tribst JP, Borges AL, Caneppele TM. Influence of bulk-fill restoration on polymerization shrinkage stress and marginal gap formation in Class V restorations. Oper Dent. 2020;45(4):E207-16. https://doi.org/10.2341/19-062-L
30. Sajjan GS, Sindhuja BV, Madhu VK, Ponnada N, Bondada M, Naik DP. Evaluation of the Effect of Bioactive Varnish Application on the Marginal Micro Gap of Class II Composite Restoration: SEM Analysis. World J Dent. 2023;14(9):772-6. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2281