A new technical study on the characteristics of Nickel-Titanium Orthodontic archwires using stimulated infrared thermography
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Clear aligner therapy (CAT) is a prominent orthodontic treatment option. CAT was formerly only used to treat mild malocclusions, but with developments in technology, it can now treat much more complex malocclusions. With the increasing popularity of CAT and technological improvements, led to the development of Invisalign’s SmartTrack technology, the first commercially available aligner material that used multi-layer plastic to facilitate tooth movement. Multiple layers provide superior mechanical properties that eluded previous single layer plastics.
Aim: To study the cytotoxicity properties of different thermoplastic multilayer clear aligner materials on human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).
Materials and methods: Three multilayered clear aligner materials were considered in this study: SmartTrack (Align Technology, San Jose, CA, USA), Zendura FLX (Bay Materials, Fremont, CA, USA), and ComfortTrack (Great Lakes Dental Technologies, Tonawanda, NY, USA). The samples were incubated at 37oC in DMEM (0.1 mg/mL) for 21 days. The cell viability of HGFs cultured with each sample medium was then compared to a negative control assessed by MTT assay.
Results: The results showed slight toxicity for each one of the samples tested. The highest cytotoxicity level seen in the HGFs was SmartTrack (65.5% ± 2.5 of cell viability), followed by Zendura FLX (72.3% ± 8.6), and the least was observed by ComfortTrack (80.8% ± 2.1).
Conclusion: The Under the experimental conditions of the study, all of the materials tested displayed slight levels of cytotoxicity. SmartTrack was measured as the most cytotoxic. There were no statistical differences found between the three aligner materials (P< 0.05).
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Zinelis S, Eliades T, Pandis N, Eliades G, Bourauel C. Why do nickel-titanium archwires fracture intraorally? Fractographic analysis and failure mechanism of in-vivo fractured wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(1):84-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.11.039
Wichelhaus A, Geserik M, Hibst R, Sander F. The effect of surface treatment and clinical use on friction in NiTi orthodontic wires. Dent Mater, 2005;21(10):938-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2004.11.011
Eliades T, Eliades G, Athanasiou E, Bradley TG. Surface characterization of retrieved NiTi orthodontic archwires. Eur J Orthod. 2000;22(3):317-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/22.3.317
Titman DJ. Applications of thermography in non-destructive testing of structures. NDT & E International, 2001;34(2):149-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(00)00039-6
Maldague X. Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing. First ed. John Wiley and Sons; New York: 2001.
Lahiri BB, Bagavathiappan S, Reshmi PR, Philip J, Jayakumar T, Raj B. Quantification of defects in composites and rubber materials using active thermography. Infrared Physics & Technology. 2012; 55:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2012.01.001
Bodnar JL, Candore JC, Nicolas JL, Szatanik G, Detalle V, Vallet JM. et al. Stimulated infrared thermography applied to help restoring mural paintings. NDT & E International, 2012;49:40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.03.007
Fikackova H, Ekberg E. Can infrared thermography be a diagnostic tool for arthralgia of the temporomandibular joint? Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics. 2004; 98:643–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.02.080
Gratt B, Anbar M. Thermology and facial telethermography: Part II. Current and future clinical applications in dentistry. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 1998; 27:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600324
Carlo AD. Thermography and the possibilities for its applications in clinical and experimental dermatology. Clinics in Dermatology. 1995; 13:329–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081X(95)00073-O
Pop SI, Dudescu CM, Merie VV, Pacurar M. Evaluation of the mechanical properties and surface topography of as-received, immersed and as-retrieved orthodontic arch wires. Clujul medical. 2017;90(3):313-326. https://doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-729
Chitra P, Prashantha GS, Rao A. Long-term evaluation of metal ion release in orthodontic patients using fluoridated oral hygiene agents: an in vivo study. J World Fed Orthod. 2019; 8:107-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2019.04.003
Chitra P, Prashantha GS, Rao A. Effect of fluoride agents on surface characteristics of NiTi wires. An ex vivo investigation. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2020;10(4):435-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.07.006
Sherief DI, Abbas NH et al. The effect of food simulating liquids on the static frictional forces and corrosion activity of different types of orthodontic wires. J World Fed Orthod. 2017; 6:165-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejwf.2017.11.002
Parvizi F, Rock WP. The load/deflection characteristics of thermally activated orthodontic arch wires. Eur J Orthod. 2003; 25(4):417-21. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/25.4.417
Sakima MT, Dalstra M, Melsen B. How does temperature influence the properties of rectangular nickel-titanium wires? Eur J Orthod. 2006; 28(3):282-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cji079
Elayyan F, Silikas N, Bearn D Mechanical properties of coated superelastic archwires in conventional and self-ligating orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010; 137(2):213-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.01.026